Transcription
On the relation between language politics andcontact-induced language change in colonial settingsStefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 1]Content1) Historical background: Germany and the SouthPacific2) Language policies and language attitudes3) German as a lingua franca?4) Linguistic consequences of German language contactand language policies5) Global patternsStefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 2]1
1Historical background1.1 Germans in the South PacificMarianas(1899)Carolines incl. PalauIslands (1899)Begin ofGermanadministration„Gouv. DeutschNeuguinea“Marshall Islands(1885)KaiserWilhelmsLand (1884)Nauru (1888)Bismarck Archipelagoand Northern Solomons(1884)Samoa (1900)„Gouv.Samoa“Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 3]1Historical background1.2 Languages in areas under German nt Neuguinea“:Indigenous languages: ca. 400-500Population: about 420000Germans: up to 1600 (0,4%)Languages andpopulation in the early20th century.AUSTRONESIAN(oceanic)„Gouvernement Samoa“:Indigenous languages: 1Population: about 35000Germans: up to 350 (1 %)Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 4]2
1Historical background1.3 Sourcesfor the investigation of sources languagepolicylanguageattitudeslanguageuse / choicecontactphenomenadictionaries travelogues missions (reports) missions (correspondance) primary schoolbooks German colonial societies (reports) German government / parliament (files) colonial government (files) German companies in the Pacific (reports) collections of linguistic data on contact phen. contemporary written texts in indig. languages German newspapers (publ. in the colonies) German newspapers (publ. in Germany) Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 5]2Language politics2.1 In search for a lingua francaQuestion within German colonial circles: What shall become thelingua franca in the German colonies in the South Seas?Options for a lingua franca English-based pidgins Indigenous languages (e.g., Tolai, Yabem, Ponapean) English GermanStefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 6]3
2Language politics2.1 In search for a lingua francaOption 1: Pidgin-English as a lingua franca?Pidgin-Englisch, „ein verdorbenes, mit vielen Brocken anderer Sprachen vermengtesEnglisch“ (Baessler 1895), ein „Kauderwelsch“; die Einheimischen drehen undmodeln die Worte in blumenreicher Zusammenstellung zu den wenigen Begriffen,die ihr beschränkter Geist gebraucht.“ (Spiegel von und zu Peckelsheim 1912) Eine„schreckliche Sprache“ (Schafroth 1916), mit einer „kannibalischen Primitivität desAusdrucks“ (Jacques 1922), die der Deutsche „in schauderhaftem Zustand vonseinen eigenen farbigen Arbeitern lernt“ (Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 1903).Pidgin-English, „a rotten English, mixed with scraps from other languages“ (Baessler1895), a „gibberish“; the locals turn and model the words in flowery compositions intothe few concepts their dull-witted mind use.“ (Spiegel von und zu Peckelsheim 1912)A „terrible language“ (Schafroth 1916), with a „cannibalistic primitivity of expression“(Jacques 1922), which the Germans „learn in a ghastly state from their own colouredworkers“ (Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 1903).Answer to 1: No! (bad reputation)Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 7]Option 2: An indigenouslanguage as a lingua franca?2Language politics2.1 In search for a lingua franca„Als das höher entwickelte Volk haben wir aber die Pflicht, die Sprachen derEingeborenen aufzuzeichnen, bevor wir sie vernichten.“As the higher developed people, we are obliged to document the languages of thenatives before we destroy them.Weck, Hermann (1913): Die Sprache im deutschen Recht. Berlin: Heymanns.„Man kann doch dem ein hartes Brod erntenden Pflanzer und seinen im Schweißeihres Angesichts schaffenden Arbeitern nicht zumuten, nach vollbrachtem Tagewerkin die Schule zu gehen!“You cannot ask of a farmer and his workers, who earn their bread in the sweat oftheir brows, to go to school after day‘s labor.Friederici, G. (1911): Pidgin-Englisch in Deutsch-Neuguinea.“ Koloniale Rundschau, 92-106.Answer to 2: No! (too hard to learn; no wide-spread single language; oftensubject to negative language attitudes)Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 8]4
2Language politics2.1 In search for a lingua francaOption 3: English as a lingua franca?Sembritzki, Emil(1913): DeutscheSprache in deutschenKolonien. DeutscheKolonial-Post (Beilage) VIII: 128-129.In addition to humane and cultural reasons, there are also national reasons thatforce us to demand: „In German colonies the German language!“. English pushesforward in the British protectorates, French in the French ones, partly bythemselves, partly assisted by the governments. We cannot be left behind.Answer to 3: No! (for reasons of imperialistic rivalry and the role oflanguage as a symbol of power)Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 9]2Language politics2.1 In search for a lingua francaOption 4: German as a lingua franca?It cannot be other than that: If the colonies remain in Germanpossession and rise culturally, most of the natives will have to beable to speak a simple German. It is only by learning a worldlanguage that the native will become a „Kulturmensch“.Sembritzki, Emil (1913): Deutsche Sprache in deutschen Kolonien.Deutsche Kolonial-Post (Beilage) VIII: 128-129.First Answer to 4: Yes! (German as a symbol of power; German as avehicle for cultural efforts; the spread of German as an economic factor)Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 10]5
2Language politics2.1 In search for a lingua francaColonists wereafraid that . after the spread of German no language would be at disposalfor the master race, in which they would not be understood andeavesdropped on by unauthorized natives.Friederici, Georg (1911): Pigdin-Englisch in Deutsch-Neuguinea.Koloniale Rundschau: 92-106.Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 11]2Language politics2.1 In search for a lingua franca„Sobald der Eingeborene Deutsch lesen und schreiben kann, sind ihm deutscheGespräche und deutsche Blätter teilweise zugänglich. [ Er] wird, soviel erkann, die so gewonnene Erkenntnis benutzen, um sein Volk über die Absichtender Deutschen und die politischen und sittlichen Zustände Deutschlands zuunterrichten.“As soon as as the native is able to read and to write German, Germanconversations and newspapers are partially accessible to him. He will as muchas possible use this knowledge to inform his people about the intentions of theGermans and the political and moral conditions in Germany.Carl Meinhof, Verhandlungen des Deutschen Nationalkongresses 1905/06.Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 12]6
2Language politics2.1 In search for a lingua francaSome were indoubt that „[ ] ob unsere schöne deutsche Muttersprache dadurchgewinnt, daß wir sie Völkern aufzwingen, die sie dochniemals in ihrer ganzen Schönheit verstehen lernen und siehöchstens entstellen werden?“[ ] whether our beautiful German mother tongue wouldimprove by forcing it onto other people which will never learnto understand it in its entire beauty and will at most distort it.Schlunk, Martin (1914) Das Schulwesen in den deutschenSchutzgebieten. Hamburg: L. Friederichsen & Co.Second Answer to 4: No! (German as a symbol of social distance;German as the exclusive language of the „Herrenrasse“; German as asecurity risk; German as a fragile work of art)Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 13]2Language politics2.2 Language policies and the Pacific coloniesResult of the discussion on the role of German in the colonies: The„Reichskolonialamt“ and other colonial circles in Berlin werepushing the spread of German in the colonies.Language policies (Berlin): German into the curriculaA ministerial decree demanded [ ] unter Berücksichtigung der in Betracht kommenden Verhältnisse daraufhinzuwirken, daß, wenn in den Schulen neben der Sprache der Eingeborenennoch eine andere gelehrt wird, die deutsche in den Lehrplan aufgenommenwerde.[ ] to work towards the aim that – taking all circumstances into account – theGerman language is included into the curricula of the schools if any otherlanguage besides the native language is taught.Deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung IV 1898/99, Nr. 75.Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 14]7
2Language politics2.2 Language policies and the Pacific coloniesLanguage policies (Berlin): Establishment ofgovernment schoolsMission schools and government schoolsSAMOA NEW G.missiongovernmentschoolsstudents perc. students7562864398,1 %55501,9 %Taken from: Schlunk, Martin (1914): Die Schulen für Eingeborenein den deutschen Schutzgebieten am 1. Juni 1911. Auf Grundeiner statistischen Erhebung der Zentralstelle desHamburgischen Kolonialinstituts. Hamburg: Friederichsen & Co.Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 15]2Language politics2.2 Language policies and the Pacific coloniesLanguage policies (Berlin): Funding forthe spread of the German language1910budgetNew GuineaSamoa12000 M.5000 M. To native students or governmentemployees for exceptionalachievements in learning German To settlers for efforts in languagecultivation To German associations (e.g., the„Deutscher Militär-Verein“)Article from the SamoanischeZeitung (June 5, 1909).Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 16]8
2Language politics2.2 Language policies and the Pacific coloniesLanguage policies (Berlin): Subsidies to the missionsExample: 4000 M.per year to theGerman Capuchinson the Carolines andPalau Islands forteaching GermanStefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 17]3German as a lingua franca?3.1 The result of German language policiesDomains in which German had become functional as a secondlanguage: Households of German settlers and government officials (domesticstaff) Government offices (employees) Schools where German was the language of instruction (students,boarders)Beyond that, German had not become a linguafranca in the South Pacific.Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 18]9
3German as a lingua franca?3.2 Factors prohibiting the spread of GermanWhy did German not succeed as a lingua franca? No functional demand: English and Pidgin-English had alreadytaken up the role of a lingua franca. Native speakers missing: The low number of Germans living in theSouth Pacific did not give the indigenous population muchopportunity to practice.Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 19]3German as a lingua franca?3.2 Factors prohibiting the spread of GermanReport from NauruRev. Ph. A. Delaporte, Mrs. Salome Delaporte, Miss MariaLinke: Tenth Annual Report of the Nauru Mission. Nauru,Marshall Islands: Nauru Mission-Press 1911.Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 20]10
3German as a lingua franca?3.2 Factors prohibiting the spread of GermanWhy did German not succeed as a lingua franca? No functional demand: English and Pidgin-English had alreadytaken up the role of a lingua franca. Native speakers missing: The low number of Germans living in theSouth Pacific did not give the indigenous population muchopportunity to practice. Language choice of Germans: Many Germans preferred toconverse in English, Pidgin, or settler varieties of German. Insufficient language instruction: Most mission schools were runby foreign missions and did not provide German classes of sufficientquality.Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 21]3German as a lingua franca?3.2 Factors prohibiting the spread of GermanGerman Lessons inKosrae (Boston Mission)Letter by Louise E. Wilson to JudsonSmith, D.D.; Kusaie, Caroline Islands,August 2nd 1902 .Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 22]11
4In Micronesia, 14 out of 16languages investigatedintegrated German loans.Linguistic consequences4.1 German loanwordsCarolinianfayérabwawFeuerbaum‘flame tree, ‘know thoroughly, memorize’PonapeansirangkSchrank‘cabinet, particularly one inwhich food is e‘store, shop, booth’YapesesitirafStrafe‘to punish’Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 23]Numbers of loans differ considerably according to the strength ofGerman as a contact language.4Linguistic consequences4.1 German loanwordsLoanwords from German:Palauan: about 50Kosraean: nonebabíer ‘paper, letter, book’ Papierbénster ‘window’ Fensterberíb ‘letter’ Briefbilt ‘holy picture’ Bildblasbabiér ‘sandpaper’ Blase (?) Papierblok ‘pulley’ Block (am Flaschenzug)bost ‘post office’ Postchamt ‘government, aministration’ Amtchausbéngdik ‘know thorougly,memorize’ auswendigdesér ‘diesel’ DieselDoits ‘German’ deutschdolmérs ‘interpreter’ Dolmetscherhall (interj.) ‘Halt!, Stop!, Wait!’ haltkabitéi ‘captain’ Kapitänkarmoból ‘phonograph’ Grammophonkerisíl ‘kerosine’ Kerosinkiló ‘kilogram’ Kilokramatik ‘grammar’ Grammatikkúmi ‘gum, hose, rubber’ Gummilámbei ‘lantern with handle for carrying’ Lampemak ‘fifty cents’ Markmesíl ‘machine, motor, engine’ Maschinemesilkebiér ‘machine gun’ Maschinengewehrmitte ‘middle’ Mitteprister ‘priest (prot.)’ Priesterrrat ‘bicycle’ Radsengk ‘gift of money to first-born child’ schenkenserángk ‘bookcase, cupboard’ Schrankseráub ‘screw’ Schraubesilber ‘silver’ Silbersireng ‘siren’ Sireneslibs ‘necktie’ SchlipsStefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 24]12
4Linguistic consequences4.1 German loanwordsLanguage policies and language structure I: LoanwordsWherever German succeeded temporarily as a second language,the local languages underwent a certain lexical influence fromGerman that lasted far beyond the presence of the Germanadministration.Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 25]4Linguistic consequences4.2 Settler varieties1) Strong lexical influencefrom English.Schweinefenz‘Schweinezaun’Wharf ‘Werft’Interessen ‘Zinsen’ interestBicycle ‘Fahrrad’Halfcast ‘Mischling’ 2) Considerable structuralinfluence from English.In meiner Meinung [in myopinion] eine [ein]Minimum Quantitaet vonRohmaterialien fuerHandwerker sowieKartoffeln, Mehl,Zwiebeln, Zucker, etc.von sage [let‘s say?] ¼Tonne oder eben mehrsollte [violation V2] freieingefuehrt werdenduerfen [ ]Features of Samoan Settler German3) Lexical influence fromSamoan.Der Zustand, daßjemand dieRechtsstellung einerweissen Frau hat unddaneben dann noch faaSamoa die Pule in AigaSachen behaelt, istunseres Erachtens eineZwittererscheinung.The situation thatsomebody has the legalstatus of a white womanand at the same time keepsfaa Samoa the pule in Aigamatters is, in our opinion,an ambiguous position.Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 26]13
4Linguistic consequences4.2 Settler varietiesLanguage policies and language structure II: Settler varietiesIn trying to promote a minority language (the language of thecolonial power) to a lingua franca, colonial language policiesalmost exclusively concentrated their efforts on the indigenouspopulation, overlooking that many of the few native speakers ofthis minority language had already made other language choices(English, Pidgin, settler varieties).Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 27]Spread of English-basedPidgins4Linguistic consequences4.3 Pidgin languagesDevelopment of SamoanPlantation Pidgin and TokPisin.Labor migrationSpread of SPP( Tok Pisin)Development of „SamoanPlantation Pidgin“Return of workersStefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 28]14
Spread of English-basedPidgins4Linguistic consequences4.3 Pidgin languagesLexical extension andrelexification of Tok Pisin onthe basis of German.About 150 lexemes of Germanorigin:ananas balaistip beten bigelaisen donabeta esik gever gip gumi hobel lupsip malen palmen saiskanake saitung sange sikmel soken sutman svesta turmMühlhäusler, P. (1979): Growth and Structure of the Lexicon of New Guinea Pidgin. Canberra,Australian National University, Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies.Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 29]4Linguistic consequences4.3 Pidgin and creole languagesLanguage policies and language structure III: PidginsColonial language policies and economic policies were not compatible.The economic efforts in the Pacific colonies were all dependent onlabour migration on a large scale. This promoted the spread anddevelopment of Pidgin English instead of limiting it.Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 30]15
5Global patterns5.1 Northwestern Mexico, 16th-18th centuryJesuit mission in Northwestern Mexico, 16th-18th century Jesuit mission in northwestern Mexico (part of the Spanish colony of NewSpain) from 1572 – 1767. Linguistically highly diversified area. Patterns with respect to language policy and language attitude that emergedwithin the mission and the government were similar to those in the Germancolonies in the South Pacific.Hausberger, Bernd (1995): Jesuiten aus Mitteleuropa im kolonialen Mexiko. Eine BioBibliographie. – Wien / München: Verlag für Geschichte und Politik / R. Oldenbourg Verlag.Meier, Johannes (1995): Nordwestdeutsche Jesuiten in den mexikanischen Missionen um1750. – Zeitschrift für Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft 79: 259-289.Scheel, Kyrill (2006): Die koloniale Sprachpolitik der Jesuiten in Mexiko und Paraguay. –München, Ravensburg: GRIN.Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 31]5Global patterns5.1 Northwestern Mexico vs. South PacificLanguage attitudes and language policy: comparison between NorthwesternMexico (Spanish, 16th/17th c.) and the South Pacifc (German, 19th/20th c.)Missionspreferred lingua francafor the territoryattitude towardsindigenous languagesattitude towards spreadof colonial languageMexico 16th/17th c.South Pacific 19th/20th c. wide-spread indigenouslanguage (Nahuatl); partlySpanish negative or neutral(depending on linguisticabilities of missionaries) accepted (taught inmission schools) wide-spread indigenouslanguage (e.g. Yabem),partly German negative or neutral(depending on linguisticabilities of missionaries) accepted (taught inmission schools)Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 32]16
5Global patterns5.1 Northwestern Mexico vs. South PacificLanguage attitudes and language policy: comparison between NorthwesternMexico (Spanish, 16th/17th c.) and the South Pacifc (German, 19th/20th c.)Governmentpreferred lingua francafor the territoryattitude towardsindigenous languagesattitude towards spreadof colonial languageMexico 16th/17th c.South Pacific 19th/20th c. Spanish, in spite of fearsa common languagemight facilitate anticolonial movements scientific investigationencouraged but disappearence expected German, in spite of fearsa common languagemight facilitate anticolonial movements scientific investigationencouraged but disappearance or functionalreduction expected promoted (in particular foran indigenous „middleclass“) promoted (in particular forthe indigenous elite)Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 33]Slides available /talks/[email protected] Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June 2009 [Folie 34]17
On the relation between language politics and contact-induced language change in colonial settings Stefan Engelberg (IDS Mannheim), LPLL, Limerick, 18 June2009 [Folie 2] Content 1)Historicalbackground: Germany and theSouth Pacific 2)Languagepoliciesand languageattitudes 3)German as a linguafranca? 4)Linguisticconsequencesof German languagecontact
