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ADMINISTRATIO NNAOMTIONAL TELECNU.S.ERCMUNICRMATIONS & INF OTIOENT OF COMMRTMPAEDEAGOVERNMENT/ NON-GOVERNMENT SHAREDNON-GOVERNMENT N USAGE DESIGNATIONFIXEDCapital LettersSecondaryThis chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by theFCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changesmade to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult theTable to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.Mobile1st Capital with lower case lettersU.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE** EXCEPT AERO MOBILESPACE VELENGTHFREQUENCY 0ACTIVITIES3 x 107mInfra-sonics10 Hz3 x 106m100 Hz3 x 105mNational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management1 kHz3 kHzVERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)Audible RangeSonics30,000 m10 RTH-ESINTER- SAT54.2555.7856.957.052.651.450.430 GHzAM BroadcastUltra-sonicsLF3,000 m100 kHzMF300 mHF1 MHz10 MHzJim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari)30 mRADIOLOCATIONFIXEDRADIORADIOMOBILENAVIGATION SATELLITE NAVIGATIONSATELLITEFM BroadcastVHFPMAGNIFIED ABOVE3mL100 MHz1 GHzMOBILESATELLITE(E-S)UHF30 cmS CFIXEDSATELLITE(E-S)SHFX3 cm10 GHzEHFRadarRadarBands0.3 cmMicrowaves100 GHz0.03 cm1 THz1013HzSub-MillimeterInfraredINFRARED3 x GATIONSATELLITE3 x 104ÅMOBILESATELLITEMOBILEVISIBLEVisible3 x 103Å1015HzSPACE RESEARCH(Passive)FIXEDSATELLITE(S-E)1016Hz3 x 102ÅULTRAVIOLET3 x ive)SPACERESEARCH(Passive)ISM – 61.25 .250 GHz59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FORUNLICENSED X-RAY3 x 10 -1Å1019Hz1020HzFIXED3 x 10 -2Å1021HzMOBILESATELLITEMOBILE3 x 10 -3ÅGamma-rayGAMMA-RAY3 x 10 -4Å1022Hz3 x 10 -5Å1023HzFIXED3 x 10 -6Å1024HzISM – 122.5 .500 GHzCOSMIC-RAY3 x 10 LLITE (S-E)RadiolocationEARTH EXPL.SAT. (Passive)MOBILESATELLITEMOBILEISM – 245.0 1GHzMOBILEFIXEDISM – 24.125 0.125 GHzRADIORADIONAVIGATION ASTRONOMYSATELLITEFIXEDFIXEDMOBILEFIXEDSAT (E-S)INTERSATELLITEINTER-SAT.INTER-SAT.ISM – 2450.0 50 MHz30.0AmateurRadiolocationFX-SAT (S - E)FIXEDMOBILE SATELLITE tionAERONAUTICAL METEOROLOGICAL 235.0220.0222.0225.0216.0MARITIME MOBILEFIXEDAMATEURFIXEDLAND MOBILEFIXEDMOBILEAMATEUR SATELLITESpace ResearchSTANDARD FREQ.LAND MOBILEMARITIME MOBILELAND MOBILEFIXEDMOBILE**RADIO ASTRONOMYBROADCASTINGMARITIME MOBILELAND MOBILEMOBILE**FIXEDFIXEDMOBILE**FIXEDMOBILE**LAND MOBILEFIXEDFIXEDMOBILEAMATEURSTANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (25,000 kHz)AMATEUR SATELLITEMOBILE**FIXEDMobile*FIXEDAERONAUTICAL MOBILE 428.024.8924.9925.00522.85523.023.223.35TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 kHzMOBILE SATELLITE (E-S)RadiolocationFixedR- LOC. B-SATFIXEDFXBCST-SATELLITEMOB** B- SAT. FX FX-SATRADIO ASTRON. SPACE RESEARCH EARTH EXPL SATE-Expl Sat Radio Ast Space res.BCST - SAT. MOBILE**RADIODETERMINATION SAT. TIME MOBILE (TELEPHONY)MOBILE (DISTRESS AND CALLING)MARITIME MOBILE (TELEPHONY)MARITIMEMOBILESpace ResearchSTANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNALSTANDARD FREQ.STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (2500kHz)AERONAUTICALMOBILE (R)MOBILEFIXED SATELLITE RADIONAVIGATION(RADIO igation(Radio Beacons)MaritimeRadionavigation(Radio 025.05MobileRadiolocation Mobile FixedMobile210720652000190018001705160516153 kHzMOBILEFIXED24.7524.6524.2524.45FixedLAND MOBILEAMATEURMARITIMEMOBILEMARITIME MOBILE (TELEPHONY)FIXEDRADIOLOCATIONBROADCASTINGSTANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (60 kHz)AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATIONFIXED SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S)FIXEDEarth ExplorationSatellite (S-S)RadiolocationSATELLITE (E-S)F I XRADIOLOCATIONE D ITE(E-S)MOBILEMOBILEMOBILEINTER-SATELLITE(S-S) F I X ation Frequency andSatelliteTime SignalEarthstd Explorationfreq e-e-sat(S-S) (s-s)&Satellitetime IOLOCATIONRADIONAVIGATIONEarth ellite (Active)229023002305231023202200ISM – 13.560 .007 .0241.0238.0235.0MOBILESPACEEARTHOPERATION EXPLORATION(s-E)(s-s) SAT. E SATELLITE URMOBILEAMATEURFIXED(LOS)SPACE RES.(S-E)Amateur RADIOLOCATION MOBILE** FIXEDRadiolocation Mobile Fixed MOB FX R- LOC. B-SATMobileAMATEUR SATELLITEBROADCASTINGFIXEDAERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)FIXEDAMATEURBROADCASTINGMARITIMEMOBILEEARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (Passive)AmateurFIXEDSPACE RES.SATELLITE(S-E) (Passive)ISM – 5.8 .075 GHzAmateur Satellite24.0524.023.623.55ISM – 915.0 13 MHzMOBILEEARTH EXPL.SAT. (Passive)MOBILEAMATEUR SATELLITESPACE 019.99019.99520.00520.010MOBILELAND MOBILEAMATEUR SATELLITEFIXEDAMATEURRADIO ASTRONOMYS)FIXEDMARITIME MOBILEFIXEDSTAND. FREQ. & TIME SIG.Space ResearchSTANDARD FREQUENCY & TIME SIGNAL (20,000 KHZ)Space ResearchSTANDARD FREQ.AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)FIXEDAMATEURAMATEUR SATELLITEMobileFIXEDMARITIME 00515.01015.10FIXEDSPACE RES. (Passive)231.0217.0MOB. IXEDSATELLITE(E-S)RadiolocationFIXEDSPACE OP.(E-S)(s-s)MOBILEMOBILE SATELLITE (E-S)FIXEDFIXEDSPACE RES. EARTH EXPL.(E-S)(s-s)SAT. (E-S)(s-s)BROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS 7-13)FIXEDSATELLITE (S-E)22.55Land MobileMOBILEFIXEDFIXEDBROADCASTINGSTANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (15,000 kHz)Space ResearchSTANDARD FREQ.AERONAUTICAL MOBILE IXEDMOBILEMOBILE185017551710LAND MOBILEMARITIME MOBILEFIXEDLAND MOBILEMARITIME MOBILELAND MOBILEMARITIME MOBILELAND MOBILELAND MOBILELAND 2514.3512.23RADIONAVIGATION RITIME MOBILEMARITIME MOBILELAND AIDS (Radiosonde)FIXEDFIXEDMOBILE SAT. (E-S)METEOROLOGICALAIDS (RADIOSONDE)SPACE RESEARCH LLITE RATION SAT.(Passive)RADIO ASTRONOMYRADIO ASTRONOMYRADIO EUR 5MARITIMEMOBILEFIXEDRADIONAVIGATIONSATELLITESPACE RES.(Passive)FIXED SATELLITE (S-E)19.3FIXEDFIXED SATELLITE (S-E)19.7MOBILE SAT. (S-E)FIXED SATELLITE (S-E)20.1FX SAT (S-E)MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E)20.2FXFIXEDSAT (S-E) MOBILE SAT (S-E)21.2SPACE RES.F I X E D MOBILE EARTH EXPL. SAT.21.4FIXEDMOBILE22.0MOBILE**FIXED22.21S P A C E R A D . A S T MOBILE** F I X E D EARTH EXPL. SAT.22.5RES.STD FREQ. & OBILE SATELLITE 0.0Radioloc.RadiolocationFIXEDFIXED SATELLITE (S-E)FIXEDFIXED SATELLITE (S-E)FX SAT (S-E) EARTH EXPL. SAT.SPACE RES.MET. locationRADIOLOC.FX SAT (E-S)Space Res.FIXED SATELLITE (E-S)MOBILE SATELLITE(Space to Earth)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R) (space to Earth)AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATIONRADIONAV. SATELLITE (Space to Earth)AERO. RADIONAVIGATION RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) M O B I L E S A T ( E - S )AERO. RADIONAV. RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) MOBILE SAT. (E-S) RADIO ASTRONOMYMobile Sat. (S-E)AERO. RADIONAV. RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) MOBILE SAT. (E-S)FixedINTERSATELLITEFIXED SAT (E-S)AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATIONBCST SAT.Earth Expl SatRADIOLOCATIONRADIOLOCATION Space 4.514.7145MET. SAT. (S-E)MET. SAT. (S-E)MET. SAT. (S-E)MET. SAT. (S-E)MOBILESPACE OPN. (S-E)SPACE OPN. (S-E)SPACE OPN. (S-E)SPACE OPN. (S-E)AMATEUR SATELLITEAMATEURMOBILEMOBILE SATELLITE (E-S)FIXEDRADIONAV-SATELLITEMOBILE SATELLITE (E-S)FIXEDMOBILEFIXED1549.5AMATEUR300 MHz1545SPACE RES. (S-E)SPACE RES. (S-E)SPACE RES. (S-E)SPACE RES. (S-E)FIXEDMARITIMEMOBILEAERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)RADIOASTRONOMYAERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)FIXEDBROADCASTINGAERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)FIXEDBROADCASTINGFIXEDFIXEDMARITIME MOBILEFIXEDINTERSATELLITEMOBILESpace ResearchEARTH EXPL. SAT.(Passive)ISM – 40.68 .02 MHz15441535MOB. SAT. (S-E)Mob. Sat. (S-E)MOB. SAT. (S-E)Mob. Sat. 15STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (20 kHz)FIXEDMOBILEEARTHSPACE RESEARCHEXPLORATION(Passive)SATELLITE (Passive)MobileSPACE RESEARCH(Passive)AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATIONAERO RADIONAVMobile Satellite (S- E)MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R)(space to Earth)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R)(space to FixedFixedFIXEDMOBILERADIO ASTRONOMYMOBILE SAT.AERONAUTICALMOBILE (R)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE FIXEDINTERSATELLITE151.0150.014.414.2Mobile **(Space to Earth)MOBILE SAT.MobileMARITIME MOBILE SAT.(Aero. TLM)(Space to Earth)(Space to Earth)MARITIME MOBILE SATELLITEMOBILE SATELLITE (S-E)(space to Earth)1430143214351525MOBILERADIOASTRONOMYSPACE RES.(Passive)MOBILEEARTHINTERSATELLITE EXPLORATIONSAT. YFIXEDSATELLITE(S-E)MOBILEFIXEDSATELLITE (S-E)EARTHEXPL. SAT. SPACE RES.(Passive)(Passive)Land MobileSatellite (E-S)FIXEDLand MobileSAT. (E-S) Satellite (E-S)FX SAT.(E-S) L M Sat(E-S)MobileSpace ResearchMobileSpace ResearchFixedMobileFIXEDSATELLITE (E-S)MOBILELAND MOBILE (TLM)108.0FIXEDBROADCASTINGFIXEDAERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)FIXEDSTANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (10,000 kHz)Space ResearchSTANDARD FREQ.AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)AMATEURFIXEDFIXEDMOBILEMOBILEMobile**Fixed (TLM)FIXED (TLM)AERONAUTICALMOBILE (R)AERONAUTICALMOBILE (R)AERONAUTICAL MOBILEAERONAUTICAL LEMOBILEBROADCASTING(AM RADIO)FIXEDRadiolocation149.0142.0144.0FIXED (TLM)MOBILE (AERONAUTICAL TELEMETERING)FIXED**(S-E)LAND MOBILELAND MOBILE 40121588.0FIXEDFIXED300 kHzEARTHEXPLORATIONSATELLITE (Passive)RADIONAVIGATIONAmateur Satellite13.2512.75(E-S)SPA CE RESEARCH ( ateurRADIOLOCATIONMOBILE **MOBILEEARTH EXPL SAT (Passive)LAND MOBILEMOBILE 944960FIXEDFIXEDAERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION(RADIO S-E)RADIONAVIGATIONSATELLITEAMATEUR IONRADIONAVIGATIONSATELLITE 5.95MOBILEMARITIMEMOBILE(SHIPS ONLY)MARITIME 7Space Research (E-S)AERONAUTICAL RADIONAV.13.4RADIOStandardRadioLOCATIONFreq. andlocationTime Signal13.75FIXEDRADIORadioSatellite (E-S)SAT.(E-S) locationLOCATION14.0RADIOLand MobileFIXEDSpaceNAVIGATIONSAT. (E-S) Satellite (E-S)ResearchFIXEDSATELLITE .476.073.0ISM – 6.78 .015 MHzSPACERESEARCH (S-E)(Deep Space)FIXEDSATELLITE (E-S)BROADCASTINGSATELLITEMobile **126.0LAND MOBILELAND MOBILELAND MOBILEMOBILELAND MOBILERADIOLOCATIONMOBILERADIO ASTRONOMYFIXEDMOBILEFIXEDAERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATIONFIXEDMOBILEFIXEDMOBILEFIXEDAMATEUR LE (DISTRESS AND CALLING)RADIONAVIGATIONAeronautical MobileAERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION335325300MARITIME ATELLITE(S-E)(Passive)FIXEDSATELLITE(S-E)SPACE EARTHAmatuerRES. EXPL teurSatelliteAmateurEARTH EXPL.SATELLITE FIXEDFIXEDBROADCASTING(FM RADIO)MOBILE SATELLITE RESEARCH EXPL SEARCH bile*MOBILEAmateurRadiolocationRADIOLOCATIONEARTH EXPL.SAT. (Passive)MOBILEAERONAUTICAL MOBILEMOBILELAND MOBILEAERONAUTICAL MOBILELAND MOBILEFIXEDLAND MOBILEFIXEDLAND MOBILEAMATEURMobileAERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)MARITIME NOMYFIXEDFIXEDLAND MOBILELAND MOBILEFIXEDLAND DIO DIONAVIGATIONMARITIMERADIONAVIGATIONSPACE 4.754.654.74.4384.063AeronauticalMobileMARITIME MOBILEINTERF I X E D MOBILE SATELLITERESEARCH EXPL tion300 MHzMOBILEMobileSatellite (E-S)FixedMobileSatellite (S-E)MobileSatellite (S-E)Mobile Satellite (S-E)SPACE RESEARCH (S-E)(deep space only)RADIOLOCATIONFIXEDMobileMET.SATELLITEFIXED SATELLITE Satellite (E-S)(E-S)(E-S)(no airborne)FIXEDMobile SatelliteSATELLITEFIXED(E-S)(no airborne)(E-S)FIXEDSPACE RESEARCH (S-E)EARTH EXPL.SATELLITE (S-E)EARTH EXPL.SAT. (S-E)BROADCASTBROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS 5-6)EARTH EXPL.SATELLITE (Passive)FIXEDFIXEDFIXEDMET.FIXEDSATELLITE (S-E) SATELLITE (S-E)FIXEDFIXEDSATELLITE (S-E)FIXED SATELLITE (S-E)FIXEDMOBILESATELLITE (E-S)SATELLITE (E-S)FIXEDEARTH EXPL.FIXEDSATELLITE (E-S) DFIXEDMOBILE*MOBILE*AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE IMEMOBILEFIXEDMOBILEAMATEUR SATELLITEFIXED76.0Amateur77.0AmateurAmateur Sat. 77.5AMATEUR AMATEUR SAT E SATELLITE(S-E)(S-E)84.0BROADBROADCASTING CASTINGSATELLITE86.0FIXEDMOBILEMOBILEFixedRADIO ASTRONOMYBROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS 2-4)FIXEDMOBILEFIXEDSPACE RESEARCH (E-S)FIXEDFIXEDFIXEDFIXEDFIXEDMOBILEFIXED SAT (E-S)FIXEDFIXEDSATELLITE (E-S)MOBILESATELLITE (S-E)FIXEDMOBILELAND MOBILETV BROADCASTINGFIXED SATELLITE (S-E)5.855.9255.83MOBILE3 MHzAMATEURFIXEDFIXEDSATELLITE (E-S)MOBILEMOBILEFIXED SATELLITE (S-E)(E-S)FIXEDSATELLITE (E-S)FIXEDSATELLITE (E-S)FIXEDMOBILESTANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (5000 KHZ)Space ResearchSTANDARD FREQ.FIXEDFIXEDAERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)MOBILE*4.03.5MaritimeRadionavigation(Radio Beacons)FixedFIXEDAmateur512.0FIXEDAERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)MOBILE*MARITIME 4.059.3RADIOLOCATIONRADIOAmateur- sat (s-e) AmateurLOCATIONAmateurMOBILE FIXED (TV CHANNELS 14 - 20)46.647.043.6942.0FIXEDFIXEDMARITIME TEFIXED SAT VIGATIONMETEOROLOGICALRadiolocationAIDSAERO. RADIONAV.RADIOLOCATIONRADIO ASTRONOMY Space Research LE (R)RADIONAVIGATIONFIXEDSATELLITE (E-S)MOBILEEARTHSPACEEXPLORATION RESEARCH F I X E D M O B I L E * *SATELLITE3 GHzMOBILEINTER- SATLAND MOBILEBROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS RTHEXPLORATIONSAT. (Passive)58.2SPACEEARTHMOBILE FIXEDRESEARCHEXPLORATION(Passive)SAT. (Passive)59.0EARTHRADIOEXPLORATION F I X E D M O B I L E SPACE LOC. INTERRES.SATSAT. (Passive)RES.SPACEMOBILEINTER- SAT EARTH EXPL-SAT (Passive)INTER- IXEDFIXEDFIXEDLANDMOBILEFIXEDMOBILESPACE AT(E-S)EARTHEXPLORATIONSATELLITEFI XEDMOBILESATELLITE (E-S) SATELLITE AUTICALMOBILE (OR)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)MOBILE*NOT ALLOCATEDFIXEDFIXEDMOBILEFIXEDSATELLITE icalSatellite (S-E)FIXEDAMATEUR SATELLITEMOBILEMOBILESAT (E-S).MOBILEFIXEDFIXEDLAND MOBILELAND MOBILE FIXEDLAND MOBILELAND MOBILE FIXEDLAND MOBILEFIXEDLAND MOBILELAND MOBILEFIXEDLAND MOBILERADIOLOCATIONLAND MOBILEFIXEDLAND 54.4FIXEDRADIO ASTRONOMYLAND MOBILERadio AstronomyLAND nauticalRadionavigationRADIONAV.SAT. MOB. 930 MHzMOBILE45.5MET. SAT.(S-E)EarthExpl.Met-SatelliteEarth Expl iolocation43.5MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S)Space Opn.(S-E)Met-Satellite Earth Expl Sat(E-S)(E-S)(S-E)SPACE RES.MET-SAT. EARTH EXPL(E-S) SAT. (E-S)MET-SAT. EARTH EXPLSAT. (E-S)(E-S)MET. AIDS(Radiosonde)MOBILE.SAT. (S-E)STD. FREQ. & TIME SIGNAL SAT. (400.1 MHz)RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITEMET. AIDS(Radiosonde)METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (RADIOSONDE)406.0MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S)406.1RADIOFIXEDMOBILEASTRONOMY410.0SPACE RESEARCHFIXEDMOBILE(S-S)MET. AIDS SPACE ATELLITE ATELLITE ICALRADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)ASTRONOMYFIXED SAT.(S-E)FIXED SAT.(S-E)RADIOLOCATIONRADIOLOCATIONMOBILE**AERO. d)RADIOLOCATIONRadiolocationRADIOLOCATIONSPACE RE. EARTH EXPL.(Passive) SAT. DRadiolocationRADIOLOCATIONFIXEDAERONAUTICAL TELLITE (S-E)38.0FIXEDFIXEDMOBILESAT. PACEF I X E D MOBILEExpl.EXPLSATSAT.RES. (E-S) Sat (s - e) SAT (E-S)40.5BROAD- FX-SAT Fixed MobileBCSTCASTING DIOFIXEDF I X E D M O B I L E * * SATELLITE(E-S)STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL SATELLITE3.3FIXEDMOBILEF I X E D MOBILEMOBILE SATELLITERADIO ASTRONOMYFIXED-SATELLITEMOBILESTANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL3.1SPACE RESEARCHFIXEDF I X E D MOBILESATELLITE SAT.3.0SPACE NAVIGATIONSATELLITEMETEOROLOGICALAIDSEARTH IME MOBILESATELLITE31.3AMATEUR SATELLITE31.0MOBILEFIXEDACTIVITY CODE30.0RADIOLOCATION SATELLITEMOBILERADIOLOCATIONMARITIME ITELAND MOBILESATELLITEAMATEURRADIONAVIGATION 32.3LAND RONAUTICALMOBILE SATELLITEFIXEDGOVERNMENT *RADIONAVIGATIONFIXED SATELLITEAeronauticalRadionavigation(Radio Beacons)INTER- SATAERONAUTICALMOBILEMARITIMERADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)RADIONAVIGATIONRADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGENDSPACEEARTHRESEARCHEXPLORATION(Passive)SAT. (Passive)SPACERADIONAVIGATIONRESEARCH (deep space)THE RADIO SPECTRUMRADIOASTRONOMYFIXEDStandardFrequency andTime SignalSatellite (S-E)FREQUENCYALLOCATIONSStand. Frequencyand Time SignalSatellite (S-E)UNITEDSTATESSPACE 1493IntroductionMethodsProgressFixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem StatementFCC Frequency AllocationLAND MOBILEMARITIMEMOBILE300 kHzFIXED3 MHzMOBILEMOBILE SATELLITEMOBILEISM – 27.12 .163 MHz30 MHzFIXEDFIXED3 GHzFIXEDRADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE(E-S)30 GHz300 GHzMOBILE* EXCEPT AERO MOBILE (R)Cosmic-rayPLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPECTRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNTOF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.FIXEDOctober 2003THE RADIO SPECTRUM300 GHzX-ray1025HzEntropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio

IntroductionMethodsProgressFixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem StatementSpatio-Temporal Variances In Spectrum AccessFCC Study1 : Utilization Varied From 15% To 85%Spatial Variances: Salt Lake City vs. Green RiverTemporal Variances: Business Hours vs. Late EveningIf Only This Could Be Exploited. . .1[FCC, 2003]Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari)Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio

IntroductionMethodsProgressFixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem StatementFixed Spectrum AccessFixed Licensing Is ProblematicCrowded: No More Usuable Bands AvailableExpensive: 90Mhz Recently Sold2 For 13 Billion!Under Utilized: Spatio-Temporal VariancesWe Need Something Better!2[FCC, 2007]Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari)Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio

, and a GPS clock. The two suites are synchronizedIntroductionFixed Spectrum Accessand triggered by a common script so that spectralMethodsOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem Statementments are made concurrently. In some cases, Progressoneuned to the spectrum of the forward channels, while3is tuned to the spectrum of the reverse channels tote frequency dependencies. In other cases, bothFigure 4.1(a): Spectrum density map for 850-870 MHze tuned to the same spectrum to investigate space bandcies. The spectral data are sampled with 14 bits atThe samples are collected in snapshots of 16384vering 20 MHz every 100 ms. This snapshot sizer DFT bins of 3.9 kHz, which is enough resolutionminate between adjacent forward or reverse channelsenters are never closer than 25 kHz.Case Study: Public Safety Band Usage23days at separational data were Channels:collected over twobetween the two suites of 5, 200, 500, 2300, 3800,ChannelBW:25KHz0-meters. In general,one suiteremainedfixed at aite, while the other suite was positioned at the distantTotal BW: 20MHzIn the sequel we refer to the sensor at the fixed siteand the sensorFat themobile site as site 2.: 856-869MHzcIV.ANALYSIS AND INSIGHTSsection, we investigate the collected measurementFigure 4.1(b): Spectrum density map for the 23 virtualPSBdentify properties that can aide us in characterizingchannels of the Figure:public safetyband Usagee of this public safety network. The objective of theNote that the 23 virtual channels for public safety users ares to provide further insight into how white space canied and utilized. In general, the data sets allow us to unevenly spaced within the 20MHz band, and that eachnd how these 3channels are utilized at the time of channel only has a bandwidth of 25 KHz. Further, the actualment, and the [Jones,effects of2007]activity in the spectrum center frequencies for the channels are actually within theMHzAnalysisband. Parsingout Sensingthe frequencybandsRadioused forJim Gaines(Dr. Neal thePatwari)856-869Entropicof Spectrumfor Cognitiveng these channels. We alsoinvestigate

IntroductionMethodsProgressFixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem StatementCognitive RadioDefinition 4A "Cognitive Radio" is a radio that can change its transmitterparameters based on interaction with the environment in whichit operates.Adaptive Transmitter Parameters:Power LevelModulation TypeCenter Frequency4[Haykin, 2002]Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari)Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio

IntroductionMethodsProgressFixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem StatementHidden Terminal ProblemBoth Nodes Sense CRCan’t Sense Each OtherThis Causes InterferenceFigure: Hidden TerminalsJim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari)Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio

IntroductionMethodsProgressFixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem StatementCollaborative Spectrum SensingProsTwo Heads Are Better Than One!i.e. More CR Nodes More Accurate Detection 5Solves Hidden Terminal ProblemConsSome BW Wasted On Control ChannelHow Much?5[Ghasemi, 2005]Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari)Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio

IntroductionMethodsProgressFixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem StatementInformation Entropy 6DefinitionThe entropy of a discrete random variable X is a function of itsPMF and is defined byH (X ) NXpi log pii 1The Number Of Bits Required By A Control ChannelA Similiar Metric, Entropy Rate, Gives Bit RateNeed Only Know The PMF Of Primary User Activity6[Shannon, 1948]Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari)Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio

IntroductionMethodsProgressFixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem StatementWidely Held HypothesisHypothesisPrimary User Activity is a Markovian Process.q1q2 p1 ( /.-,()* /.-,()* 0h1p2PU Activity Depends Only On Previous State(s)This Is The PMF We Could Use To Measure BW LossBut Is This Hypothesis Correct?Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari)Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio

IntroductionMethodsProgressFixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem StatementProblem StatementProblem StatementWe Wish to Measure The Bandwidth Required of aCollaborative Sensing, Cognitive Radio Control Channel.Cognitive Radio Needs Collaborative Spectrum SensingThis Will Require a Control ChannelControl Channel Wastes Some BWWe Assume The Markovian Hypothesis (For Now)Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari)Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio

IntroductionMethodsProgressGNU Radio/USRPSoftware Defined Spectrum AnalyzerAnalysisUniversal Software Radio PeripheralJim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari)Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio

IntroductionMethodsProgressGNU Radio/USRPSoftware Defined Spectrum AnalyzerAnalysisGNU RadioGNU General Public LicensePython Wrapper For C Object Orientated ApproachSoftware Radios Defined In Terms Of Graphs1234Define Source (USRP)Define Signal Processing Unit (Spectrum Analyzer)Define Sink (File Format)Connect!Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari)Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio

IntroductionMethodsProgressGNU Radio/USRPSoftware Defined Spectrum AnalyzerAnalysisClass Definitionclass my graph(gr.flow graph):def init (self, min freq, max freq):gr.flow graph. init (self)self.u usrp.source c(.)s2v gr.stream to vector(.)c2mag gr.complex to mag squared(.)stats gr.bin statistics f(.)self.connect(self.u, s2v, c2mag, stats)Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari)Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio

IntroductionMethodsProgressGNU Radio/USRPSoftware Defined Spectrum AnalyzerAnalysisFile FormatTimeDate 5605:56PMPMPMPMFrequencyComplex Samples89875000090025000090175000090325000056953 32489 .322640 358258 .284045 303849 .46261 40136 .Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari)Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio

IntroductionMethodsProgressGNU Radio/USRPSoftware Defined Spectrum AnalyzerAnalysisSampled ISM BandJim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari)Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio

, and a GPS clock. The two suites are synchronizedIntroductionGNU Radio/USRPand triggered by a common script so that spectralMethodsSoftware Defined Spectrum AnalyzerAnalysisments are made concurrently. In some cases, Progressoneuned to the spectrum of the forward channels, while7is tuned to the spectrum of the reverse channels tote frequency dependencies. In other cases, bothFigure 4.1(a): Spectrum density map for 850-870 MHze tuned to the same spectrum to investigate space bandcies. The spectral data are sampled with 14 bits atThe samples are collected in snapshots of 16384vering 20 MHz every 100 ms. This snapshot sizer DFT bins of 3.9 kHz, which is enough resolutionminate betwe

GNU Radio/USRP Software Defined Spectrum Analyzer Analysis 3 Progress Challenges Progress Future Work . THE RADIO SPECTRUM NON-GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE . RADIO