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TENNESSEE2014STRATEGIC HIGHWAY SAFETY PLANThe Tennessee Strategic Highway Safety Plan has been developed under the oversight ofthe Tennessee Strategic Highway Safety Steering Committee to reduce the number oflives lost, human suffering, and the economic costs associated with motor vehicle crashesin Tennessee. By signing this document, the signatories agree to support the vision,mission, and goals of the 2014 Tennessee Strategic Highway Safety Plan.John C. SchroerCommissionerTennessee Department of TransportationBill GibbonsCommissionerTennessee Department of Safety and Homeland SecurityPamela M. KordenbrockDivision AdministratorFederal Highway Administration
Table of ContentsTENNESSEE2014STRATEGIC HIGHWAY SAFETY PLANTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS. iLIST OF FIGURES . iiEXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 1STEERING COMMITTEE AND SAFETY PARTNERS. 3VISION, MISSION AND GOALS . 4INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND . 5UPDATE PROCESS . 11DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS EMPHASIS AREA PLAN . 21DRIVER BEHAVIOR EMPHASIS AREA PLAN . 26INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTS EMPHASIS AREA PLAN. 36VULNERABLE ROAD USERS EMPHASIS AREA PLAN . 46OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS EMPHASIS AREA PLAN . 56MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY EMPHASIS AREA PLAN . 65IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION PLAN . 69OTHER RESOURCES . 73GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND TERMS . 74LIST OF SOURCES. 83i
List of FiguresLIST OF FIGURESFigure 1 - The Four “E”’s of Transportation Safety . 2Figure 2 - Fatalities on Tennessee Roadways. 5Figure 3 - Serious Injuries on Tennessee Roadways . 6Figure 4 - Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) on Tennessee Roadways . 7Figure 5 - Fatality and Serious Injury Rates . 8Figure 6 - Five-Year Fatality Average Comparison . 9Figure 7 - Serious Injury Five-Year Moving Average. 10Figure 8 - Organizational Structure . 12Figure 9 - Fatalities Percent of Total by Contributing Factor (2008-2012). 14Figure 10 - Serious Injuries Percent of Total by Contributing Factor (2008-2012) . 15Figure 11 - Statistical Top Safety Concerns . 16Figure 12 - Fatalities by Age Group (2008-2012) . 16Figure 13 - Fatalities and Serious Injuries for Drivers and Pedestrians Age 65 . 17Figure 14 - Fatal Crashes by Classification (2008-2011) . 18Figure 15 - Fatal Crashes Annualized by VMT (2008-2011) . 19Figure 16 - Fatalities and Serious Injuries Involving Driver Behavior (2008-2012). 26Figure 17 - Seatbelt Usage Rate (2008-2012) . 27Figure 18 - Unrestrained Vehicle Occupants Related Fatalities and Serious Injuries (2008-2012) . 28Figure 19 - Teen Driver Related Fatalities and Serious Injuries (2008-2012) . 29Figure 20 - Alcohol Related Fatalities and Serious Injuries (2008-2012) . 30Figure 21 - Aggressive Driving Related Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Type (2008-2012) . 31Figure 22 - Speeding Related Fatalities and Serious Injuries (2008-2012) . 32Figure 23 - Driver Behavior Emphasis Area Fatality Objective . 33Figure 24 - Driver Behavior Emphasis Area Serious Injury Objective . 33Figure 25 - Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Infrastructure Type (2008-2012) . 36Figure 26 - Roadway Departure Related Fatalities and Serious Injuries (2008-2012) . 37ii
List of FiguresFigure 27 - Intersection-Related Fatalities and Serious Injuries (2008-2012) . 38Figure 28 - Railroad Crossing-Related Fatalities and Serious Injuries (2008-2012) . 39Figure 29 - Infrastructure Emphasis Area Fatality Objective . 41Figure 30 - Infrastructure Emphasis Area Serious Injury Objective . 41Figure 31 - Vulnerable Road User Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Group (2008-2012) . 46Figure 32 - Fatalities and Serious Injuries involving Senior Drivers (2008-2012) . 47Figure 33 - Fatalities and Serious Injuries involving Motorcycles (2008-2012) . 48Figure 34 - Fatalities and Serious Injuries involving Bicyclists (2008-2012) . 50Figure 35 - Fatalities and Serious Injuries involving Pedestrians (2008-2012) . 51Figure 36 - Vulnerable Road Users Emphasis Area Fatality Objective . 52Figure 37 - Vulnerable Road Users Emphasis Area Serious Injury Objective . 52Figure 38 - Work Zone Related Fatalities and Serious injuries (2008-2012) . 56Figure 39 - Secondary Crash Fatalities and Serious injuries (2008-2012) . 57Figure 40 - Traffic Incident Management (TIM) Timeline . 58Figure 41 - Work Zone Fatality Objective . 60Figure 42 - Secondary Crash Fatality Objective. 61Figure 43 - Work Zone Serious Injury Objective . 61Figure 44 - Secondary Crash Serious Injury Objective . 62Figure 45 - Serious Injuries and Fatalities broken down by vehicle type (2008-2012) . 65Figure 46 - Large Truck Crashes per Million CVMT (2010-2013) . 67iii
Executive SummaryEXECUTIVE SUMMARYIn 2014, the State of Tennessee updated its Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP, or “the Plan”) tobuild on the foundation created by the original SHSP that was developed in 2004 and last updatedin 2009. The Plan follows guidance provided by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) inMarch of 2013 for meeting requirements of the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st CenturyAct (MAP-21) to obligate funds under the Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP).The Plan adopts a “Toward Zero Deaths” vision statement, which is the vision of a national andcollaborative effort entitled Toward Zero Deaths: National Strategy on Highway Safety. Thestrategy intends to create a culture of safety by bringing stakeholders together to assess thecurrent safety environment and to develop safety strategies from a data-driven process that isrefined, implemented, and evaluated to continually plan for a safer future on our roadways.Historically, Tennessee has progressively improved safety on the state’s roadways. The mission ofthis plan is to ensure that improvements in safety continue to result in a reduction of seriousinjury and fatal crashes. To achieve that result, the Plan focuses its strategies on achievable, timebound, and measurable goals to reduce the occurrence of serious injuries and fatalities.The 2014 SHSP is Tennessee’s comprehensive transportation safety plan. It is based on safetydata and was developed through consultation with a broad range of highway safety stakeholders– each with specific areas of expertise and experience. This group is identified as the SteeringCommittee and is responsible for the Plan’s content and document preparation. This multidisciplinary approach resulted in the identification of key emphasis areas, which will be the focusfor improving safety on Tennessee’s roadways under this plan. The Plan documents this approach,includes the roles and responsibilities of those implementing the Plan, and defines how successwill be measured for each emphasis area and the Plan as a whole. The following six emphasisareas were identified by the Steering Committee to have the greatest potential for progresstoward the Plan’s vision, mission, and goals:2014 SHSP Emphasis Areas Data Collection and Analysis Driver Behavior Infrastructure Improvements Vulnerable Road Users Operational Improvements Motor Carrier Safety1
Executive SummaryIndividual goals, objectives, and countermeasures have been identified for each of the sixemphasis areas. Because vehicular crashes involve multiple contributing factors (human,infrastructure, environment, and vehicle), the Plan addresses emphasis areas with strategies andcountermeasures that utilize the Four E’s of transportation safety: Engineering, Enforcement,Education, and Emergency Response. This fundamental approach is the basis of the Plan’s missionstatement. The Plan references these four safety disciplines throughout this document with thegraphic notations shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 - The Four “E”’s of Transportation SafetyThe Four nseThe tracking of serious injuries is now required as a performance measure forthe Plan in accordance with MAP-21 in addition to the tracking offatalities. Previous plans only considered fatalities. The goal for thePlan is to reduce the number and rate of fatalities by 10% withinthe next five-years while reducing the trend of increasingserious injuries by remaining under the 2012 serious injurytotal of 7,574. These goals were developed throughcollaboration between safety partners and coordinatedbetween other safety plans adopted by the state. The Plan’ssuccess will be measured by a statistical comparison of actualdata to the Plan’s goal statement. This goal is deemed to beappropriate and worthy of our effort to make the roads of Tennesseeas safe as they can be. “Driving Down Fatalities” is the slogan for the 2014Plan because it conveys our commitment to achieving this goal and isconsistent with the “Toward Zero Deaths” vision.2
Steering Committee and Safety PartnersSTEERING COMMITTEE AND SAFETY PARTNERSFor the State of Tennessee, the Strategic Highway Safety Steering Committee has taken on theresponsibility of developing and implementing this safety plan to meet MAP-21 requirements andto reduce fatalities and serious injuries in Tennessee. The team comprises the state agenciesresponsible for transportation and safety as well as other safety partners. Partners have beenselected so that each of the four safety disciplines is represented in the development andimplementation of the SHSP. The input and commitment of each safety partner are greatlyappreciated.Steering CommitteeAdditional Safety PartnersTennessee Department of Transportation(TDOT)Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)Tennessee Department of Safety andHomeland Security (TDOSHS)Tennessee Sheriffs’ Association (TSA)Tennessee Association of Chiefs of Police(TACP)Tennessee Highway Patrol (THP)Motorcycle Awareness Foundation ofTennessee (MAFT)Governor’s Highway Safety Office (GHSO)Tennessee Department of Health (TDOH)Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration(FMCSA)National Highway Traffic SafetyAdministration (NHTSA)Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPO)and Rural Planning Organizations (RPO)Tennessee Trucking Association (TTA)Tennessee Regional Safety Council (TRSC)AARPInsurors of TennesseeTennessee Transportation AssistanceProgram (TTAP)Tennessee Education Association (TEA)American Automobile Association (AAA)Tennessee District Attorney General’s OfficeSafe Routes to School National Partnership Tennessee Network3
Vision, Mission and GoalsVISION, MISSION AND GOALSVISION:Federal, state, and local agencies, civicgroups, and private industries unified assafety partners and all working togethertoward zero fatalities and serious injurieson Tennessee roadways.MISSION:Using education, enforcement, engineering,and emergency response initiatives, worktoward zero deaths and serious injuries byreducing the number and severity ofcrashes on Tennessee’s roadways.GOALS: Fatalities: Reduce the number of fatalities by 10% within the next five years. Fatality Rate: Reduce the rate of fatalities by 10% within the next five years. Serious Injuries: Reduce the current trend of increasing serious injuries by not exceedingthe 2012 total value of 7,574 as an average over the next five years. Serious Injury Rate: Reduce the current trend of an increasing serious injury rate by notexceeding the 2012 total value of 10.65 serious injuries per hundred million vehicle milestraveled as an average over the next five years.The time period for evaluation of the Plan’s performance will be five years (maximum), which isthe planned interval for updating the Plan. Recognizing that statistics will vary due to climate,economy, and isolated catastrophic events, the Plan’s performance will be evaluated based on afive-year average of available data. The goal statements are based on the mission of continuallyworking toward zero deaths, which will require Tennessee to maintain the trend of decliningfatalities while reversing the trend of increasing serious injuries.4
Introduction and BackgroundINTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUNDFrom 2008 to 2012, Tennessee experienced an annual average of more than 163,910 reported trafficcrashes, which represents a slight reduction from the previous five-year average of 164,979. In 2008,6,233 serious injuries and 1,043 fatalities occurred on Tennessee’s roads. Based on preliminary data,there were 7,574 serious injuries and 1,014 fatalities in Tennessee in 2012. This data is illustrated inFigure 2 and Figure 3. As shown by Figure 2, historical and recent trends for fatalities are declining inTennessee. Despite the overall declining trend, there have been recent years with an increase intraffic fatalities compared to the previous year. However, the trend for serious injuries is increasing.This is shown on Figure 3 on page 6.Figure 2 - Fatalities on Tennessee ent fatality trend1004119313391270 128412111043 986 10329371014903Goal - 10% reduction of fiveyear moving average withinthe next five-years2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017Fatalities5-Year AverageFatality Goal ThresholdCurrent TrendGoal: 5-Year AverageSource: TDOSHS1Figures 2 and 3 depict the fatality and serious injury data over the past ten years. While the statisticsvary from year to year, there are general trends associated with each data set. However, significantvariations in the values in the data from year to year have been observed. To offset the impact of asingle data point on the overall trend, calculation and evaluation of the five-year moving average ofeach data set was performed. This reduces the effects of large variations in the data from year toyear and has been chosen as the basis for setting goals and evaluating the performance of the plan.The five-year moving average ordinate for each year is the average of that year and the previous fouryears for a five-year average value. They are shown on the figures as triangles. For comparison, thecurrent trend of each data set based on the past five years is shown as a dashed line on the figures.The solid red line and numeric value for each figure illustrates the targeted value for the goal.5
Introduction and BackgroundFor fatalities, that goal is to reduce the total number of fatalities by 10% over the next five years.That value, when computed from the 2012 five-year average value of 1,004 is 903. It should benoted that the goal statement does not target this value specifically for 2017, but rather targetsachieving this value at some point within the next five years. For this reason, it is considered a goalthreshold.Figure 3 - Serious Injuries on Tennessee 00045004000Current trend of increasingserious injuries757468876910744075746673 73536872 6694 65966233 6604Goal - Reduce the rateof increasing trend forserious injuries2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017Serious Injuries5-Year AverageGoal: 5-Year AverageSerious Injury Goal ThresholdCurrent TrendSource: TDOSHS2It is recognized that a reduction in fatalities can result in an increase in serious injuries with all otherfactors being equal. This factor contributes to the current upward trend of serious injuries and theirassociated five-year moving averages. The Plan’s goal for serious injuries is simply to reduce the rateof the current trend of increasing serious injury statistics by limiting the average of serious injuriesover the next five years to the current 2012 actual value of 7,574. This may seem like a targetedincrease when compared to the 2012 five-year average value of 6,887. However, due to the recentincreases in serious injuries from 2010 through 2012, the five-year moving average values willcontinue to trend upward until therehas been enough reduction in theannual number of serious injuriesover time to offset those values in thecomputation of the average. Themaximum allowable values for seriousinjury statistics that can eliminate thepositive trend for the five-yearmoving average within five years is azero increase each year of the actualvalues.6
Introduction and BackgroundFigure 4 - Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) on Tennessee 89.36680675200320042005200620072008Annual VMT (per 100 Million Vehicle Mile)Source: TDOT/TDOSHS3Tennessee experienced a 12% growth in population from 2000 to 2010. This is evident in the totalvolume of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) over the past ten years. The historic and recent trend in VMTis shown in Figure 4. The number of vehicles and the miles they are traveling are trending upward,even with the drop in VMT experienced in recent years (2008-2009) attributed largely to sluggisheconomic conditions.To account for increases or decreases in the amount of travel on our roadways, fatalities and seriousinjuries are considered in relation to the VMT. Figure 5 shows the fatality rate (fatalities per 100million vehicle miles traveled) for the past ten years, current five-year trend, and the most recentfive-year moving average fatality rate values. The trends associated with the fatality rates exhibitsimilar characteristics shown by the data for fatalities. In 2012, Tennessee’s fatality rate was 1.43fatalities per 100 million miles driven, which is a 5% decrease from the 2008 fatality rate. The 2014Plan sets a goal for the fatality rate equal to the goal for fatalities, which is a 10% reduction in thefatality rate within the next five years.For comparison, the serious injury rates for the same time period are also depicted in Figure 5. Asexpected from the analysis of serious injury statistics, they are currently trending sharply upwardafter a brief period of decline during the economic recession. Generally, with more users drivingmore miles, there are more instances for serious crashes. When coupled with gains in safety andemergency response that are working to save lives, it is logical to predict an occurrence of moreserious injuries. However, the increasing rate of serious injuries per vehicle miles traveled is anindication of safety issues that need to be addressed to prevent our roadways from becoming lesssafe over time. For this reason, serious injuries are now a performance measure equal to fatalities inthe Plan.7
Introduction and BackgroundFigure 5 - Fatality and Serious Injury Rates2.001.101.42Goal - 10% reduction offive-year moving averagewithin the next rrent fatality rate trend1.901.002003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017Fatality Rate (Fatalities/VMT)5-Year Average Fatality RateCurrent TrendFatality Goal 08.97Current trend of increasingserious injury rate12.00Goal - Reduce increasingtrend for serious injury rate6.002003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017Serious Injury Rate (Serious Injuries/VMT)5-Year Average Serious Injury RateCurrent TrendSerious Injury Goal ThresholdSource: TDOT/TDOSHS4As stated, serious injuries are now included with fatalities for reductions as a goal for the Plan. Manyof these injuries represent extended rehabilitation care costs and loss of productivity. For anindividual, these injuries vastly diminish quality of life. There are also substantial impacts within ourcommunities relative to medical costs, lost wages, insurance costs, taxes, police, fire and emergencyservices, legal and court costs, as well as property damage. Economic losses due to traffic crashes are8
Introduction and Backgroundestimated by FHWA to total 230 billion nationally.5 In Tennessee for the year 2012, there were over170,000 reported traffic crashes resulting in over 90,000 emergency room visits. The total economiccost to Tennessee due to traffic crashes in 2012 was estimated at 4.1 billion with 850 million inmedical costs alone.6 The benefits associated with improving safety along our roadways far exceedthe costs associated with implementing this plan. Tennessee simply cannot afford inaction.Past PerformanceThe previous SHSP was approved in 2009 and had an overall goal of reducing the total number offatalities by 144 or more to have fewer than 900 fatalities by 2012. This specific goal was not met.However, there were significant performance gains in each emphasis area from the previous SHSPwhen comparing the five-year average of fatalities resulting from crashes relating to the Plan’semphasis areas. The five-year average was selected as the method of analysis to reduce the effectsof random influences, such as inclement weather or catastrophic single events. Figure 6 tabulatesthe statistical gains in safety over the previous plan period.There have also been many accomplishments in establishing the Plan’s foundation of a collaborativeeffort with specific strategies directed at improving safety. Significant advances have been made inavailability and consistency of traffic crash data through development of the Enhanced TennesseeRoadway Information Management System (ETRIMS) and the Tennessee Integrated Traffic AnalysisNetwork (TITAN). The previous plan established an organizational structure of safety stakeholdersand a system for defining safety needs and strategies for meeting those needs. Evaluation of theprevious plan and current data can reveal areas of improvement and concern that provide focus forthe updated plan. Some of the specific performance measures to note from comparing traffic crashrecords during the previous plan period are depicted in Figure 6.Figure 6 - Five-Year Fatality Average Comparison5-Year Average of Plan DataEmphasis AreaFatalitiesFatalities Involving Roadway DepartureFatalities Involving IntersectionsFatalities in Work ZonesFatalities Involving Large TrucksFatalities Involving Alcohol Impaired DriversFatalities Involving SpeedingFatalities Involving Unrestrained OccupantsFatal Crashes2009 SHSP Data2014 SHSP 1%-18%-39%-32%-28%-25%-27%-17%Source: 2009 SHSP and TDOSHS79
Introduction and BackgroundWhile it is clear that there have been significant gains in the reduction of fatality statistics during theprevious plan period, there are still areas for concern. These are primarily associated with theconsideration of serious injuries. The previous plan focused on fatalities, which are trendingdownward nationally as well as in Tennessee. However, serious injuries are trending upward. This isevident in the review of Figure 7, which depicts the moving five-year average from 2008 to 2012 forserious injuries: a new focus for the SHSP.Figure 7 - Serious Injury Five-Year Moving AverageSerious Injuries5-Year Moving 876,7676,60004-0805-096,6926,56006-10Source: TDOSHS07-1108-128Decreases in fatalities can be attributed in many cases to improvements in safety equipment ofvehicles and improved response times for crashes. These and other factors tend to result in astatistical shift from fatalities to serious injuries. For this reason, some increases in serious injuriescan be expected as a result of a reduction in the total number of fatalities. In recognition of thisreality, the SHSP will now target the reduction of serious injuries in addition to fatalities.Toward Zero DeathsWith over 33,000 fatalities occurring on the nation’s highways each year, roadway safety remainsone of the most challenging issues facing America. Although many highway safety organizationshave stepped forward to address these needs, there has been no singular strategy that unites thesecommon efforts until the “Toward Zero Deaths” initiative was created. Its name and mission arebased on the premise that even one death is unacceptable, and therefore, we must aspire to movetoward zero deaths on our roadways.The “Toward Zero Deaths” strategy is a data-driven effort focusing on identifying and creatingopportunities for changing our culture and building a foundation of safety on our roadways. Itinvolves multiple disciplines in its approach to improving safety but realizes that significantreductions in roadway fatalities cannot take place without a change in our values and behavior as aculture. Tennessee is proud to become one of over 30 states to adopt this strategy for the basis oftheir SHSP.10
Update ProcessUPDATE PROCESSCreated in November of 2004, the Tennessee Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP) defines asystem, organization, and process for managing the attributes of the road, the users, and themodes to achieve the highest level of highway safety by integrating the work of disciplines andagencies involved. These disciplines include the planning, design, construction, operation, andmaintenance of the roadway infrastructure (engineering); injury
Jan 07, 2015 · in Tennessee. By signing this document, the signatories agree to support the vision, mission, and goals of the 2014 Tennessee Strategic Highway Safety Plan. John C. Schroer Commissioner Tennessee Department of Transportation Bill Gibbons Commissioner Tennessee Departm